Disruptive behaviors, antisocial attitudes, and aggression in young offenders: Comparison of Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) typologies.

BACKGROUND: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) are associated with many deleterious outcomes in young offenders. There is a dearth of studies examining its effects on young offenders' antisocial attitudes, disruptive behaviors and aggression, risk factors for delinquency and reoffending. OBJECTIVE: This study examined ACE patterns and their association with the above factors in young offenders. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 1130 youth offenders (964 males; Mage = 17.57 years), provided self-reports on ACEs, antisocial attitudes, disruptive behavior ratings and aggression. METHOD: Latent Class Analysis was performed on 12 self-reported ACEs, followed by Analyses of Covariance on each of the measures. RESULTS: Four classes - Low ACE, Indirect Victims, Abusive Environment, and Polyvictimized - were identified. Polyvictimized youths had the highest levels of conduct problems (M = 70.35, ps < .05) and proactive aggression (M = 0.45, ps < .05) but did not differ from youths in Abusive Environment in reactive aggression (M = 1.02, p = .69), oppositional problems (M = 65.15, p = .18), and antisocial attitudes (M = 26.95, p = .21). Indirect Victims had lower levels of conduct problems (M = 64.80, p < .05) and antisocial attitudes (M = 24.35, p < .05) than Polyvictimized youths but higher levels of these outcomes than the Low ACE group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that ACEs patterns vary in their effects on antisociality and disruptive behaviors. The novel finding was that childhood victimization does not have to be direct, as indirect victimization significantly impacted factors important to delinquency and reoffending.

Effectiveness of Functional Family Therapy in a Non-Western Context: Findings from a Randomized-Controlled Evaluation of Youth Offenders in Singapore.

This study is the first to evaluate Functional Family Therapy (FFT) in a non-Western culture. The effectiveness of FFT was examined in relation to three proximal outcomes relevant to youth offender rehabilitation: (i) mental well-being, (ii) family functioning, and (iii) probation completion. 120 youth probationers (Mage = 16.2, SD = 1.33) were randomly assigned to receive either standard probation services-Treatment-As-Usual (TAU; n = 57)-or FFT in addition to TAU (FFT; n = 63). Data on psychometric measures of mental well-being and family functioning were obtained at (i) preprogram, (ii) postprogram, and (iii) at the end of probation. Probation completion data were obtained from casefile records. Mean mental well-being scores of the FFT group improved from pre- to post-treatment, and gains were maintained at follow-up. However, there was a nonsignificant trend for the FFT group showing higher rates of reliable change and clinical recovery on the mental well-being scale. There were no group differences in family functioning scores over time. However, there was a significant trend for the FFT group showing higher rates of reliable change and clinical recovery on the family functioning scale. Probation completion rates were 88.9% and 70.2% for the FFT and TAU groups, respectively. Youth in the FFT group were significantly more likely to complete probation successfully. The results support FFT's effectiveness in Singaporean youth offenders. At a broader level, the study findings support the cross-cultural effectiveness of FFT in, and transportability to, a non-Western culture.

Este estudio es el primero en evaluar la Terapia Familiar Funcional (TFF) en una cultura no occidental. Se analizó la eficacia de la TFF en relación con tres resultados proximales relevantes para la rehabilitación de los delincuentes juveniles: (i) bienestar mental, (ii) funcionamiento familiar y (iii) término de la libertad condicional. Se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 120 jóvenes en libertad condicional (Edad Promedio = 16.2, Desviación Típica= 1.33) para recibir servicios de libertad condicional estándar-tratamiento habitual (TH; n = 57)-o TFF además del TH (TFF; n = 63). Se obtuvieron datos sobre las medidas psicométricas de bienestar mental y funcionamiento familiar en los siguientes momentos (i) antes del programa, (ii) después del programa y (iii) al final de la libertad condicional. Se obtuvieron datos del término de la libertad condicional de los expedientes judiciales. Los puntajes del bienestar mental promedio del grupo de TFF mejoraron desde antes a después del tratamiento, y se mantuvieron los avances en el seguimiento. Sin embargo, hubo una tendencia no significativa en el grupo de TFF que indicó índices más altos de cambio fiable y recuperación clínica en la escala de bienestar mental. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en los puntajes de funcionamiento familiar en el transcurso del tiempo. Sin embargo, hubo una tendencia significativa en el grupo de TFF que indicó índices más altos de cambio fiable y recuperación clínica en la escala de funcionamiento familiar. Los índices de término de la libertad condicional fueron 88.9 % y 70.2 % en los grupos de TFF y de TH respectivamente. Los jóvenes del grupo de TFF fueron considerablemente más propensos a terminar la libertad condicional satisfactoriamente. Los resultados respaldan la eficacia de la TFF entre los delincuentes juveniles singapurenses. A nivel general, los resultados del estudio respaldan la eficacia intercultural de la TFF en una cultura no occidental y la transportabilidad hacia ella.

The Implementation of Functional Family Therapy (FFT) as an Intervention for Youth Probationers in Singapore.

Family functioning is predictive of youth recidivism in Singapore. However, there is a lack of family based interventions for youth offenders on community probation. Evidence-based family interventions developed in Western populations, such as Functional Family Therapy (FFT), have been found to be effective in mitigating subsequent youth criminal behavior. However, no study has examined whether such interventions can be implemented and adapted for use in Eastern cultures. Thus, this paper sought to detail the implementation of FFT in Singapore. Rationale for the adoption of FFT is discussed, and key activities undertaken during the first 18 months of implementation are described. Preliminary data suggest that initial implementation efforts were successful. Challenges encountered, and implications in relation to the broader literature are discussed.

Assessing the risk of imminent aggression in institutionalized youth offenders using the dynamic appraisal of situational aggression.

Aggressive behavior in incarcerated youth presents a significant problem for staff, co-residents and the functioning of the institution. This study aimed to examine the predictive validity of an empirically validated measure, designed to appraise the risk of imminent aggression within institutionalized adult psychiatric patients (Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression; DASA), in adolescent male and female offenders. The supervising staff members on the residential units rated the DASA daily for 49 youth (29 males and 20 females) over two months. The results showed that DASA total scores significantly predicted institutional aggression in the following 24 and 48 hrs; however, the predictive validity of the DASA for institutional aggression was, at best, modest. Further analyses on male and female subsamples revealed that the DASA total scores only predicted imminent institutional aggression in the male subsample. Item analyses showed that negative attitudes, anger when requests are denied, and unwillingness to follow instructions predicted institutional aggression more strongly as compared with other behavioral manifestations of an irritable and unstable mental state as assessed by the DASA.